A Child Special Place

All children have a special place, whether chosen by a conscious decision or not this is a place where one can go to sort their thoughts. Nature can often provide comfort by providing a nurturing surrounding where a child is forced to look within and choices can be made untainted by society. Mark Twain once said â€Å"Don't let school get in the way of your education. † Twain states that this education which is provided by society, can actually hinder human growth and maturity. Although a formal education shouldn't be completely shunned, perhaps true life experience, in society and nature, are a key part of development. In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain throws the curious yet innocent mind of Huck Finn out into a very hypocritical, judgmental, and hostile world, yet Huck has one escape–the Mississippi River constantly flowing nearby. Here nature is presented as a thought provoking environment when experienced alone. The river is quiet and peaceful place where Huck can revert to examine any predicament he might find himself in: â€Å"They went off, and I got aboard the raft, feeling bad and low†¦ Then I thought a minute, and says to myself, hold on,- s'pose you'd a done right and give Jim up; would you felt better than you do now? No, says I, I'd feel bad†¦ † (p. 127). Only a few weeks with Jim and still feeling great ambivalence, Huck returns to the river to think. Twain tries here to tell the reader how strong the â€Å"mob† really is, and only when totally alone is Huck able to make the morally correct decision. The natural flowing and calm of the river cause this deep-thought, show! ing how unnatural the collective thought of a society can be. The largest and most obvious test of Huck's character is his relationship with Jim. The friendship and assistance which he gives to Jim go completely against all that â€Å"sivilization† has taught him; at first this concept troubles Huck and causes him a great deal of pain, but over time, through his life experiences and shared times with Jim, Huck crosses the line upheld by the racist South and comes to know Jim as a human being. Huck is at a point in his life where opinions are formed, and by growing on the river, Huck can stand back from society and form his own. Eventually he goes as far as to risk his life for Jim:†And got to thinking of our trip down the river; and I see Jim before me, all the time, in the day, and in the night-time, sometimes moonlight, sometimes storms, and we a floating along, talking, and singing, and laughing. But somehow I couldn't see no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind†¦ I studied a minute sort of holding my breath, and then I s! ays to myself: ‘All right, then, I'll go to hell'†¦ † (pp. 270-271). After a long and thought-provoking adventure, Huck returns to the raft one final time to decide the fate of his friend. Symbolically, Huck makes the morally correct decision away from all others, thinking on the river. Although it might not be evident to himself, Huck causes the reader to see that â€Å"sivilization†, in their treatment of blacks especially, is not civilized at all. Every person Huck and Jim come across seems to just be following someone else blindly, as the whole country were some sort of mob. In the last few chapters, Tom Sawyer is re-introduced and the reader is left to examine how different environments: â€Å"sivilization† and nature (the river), have affected the children's growth. It is distinctly evident that Huck has turned out to be the one with a clear and intelligent mind, and Tom, although he can regurgitate worthless facts about Louis XVI and Henry VIII, shows no real sign of maturity. â€Å"The first time I catched up to Tom, private, I asked him what was his idea, time of the evasion? – what it was he planned to do if the evasion worked out all right and he managed to set a nigger free that was already free before? And he said, what he had planned in his head, from the start, if we got Jim out, all safe, was for us to run him down the river, on the raft, and have adventures plumb to the mouth†¦ † (p. 360). Huck has always thought of Tom as more intelligent than himself, but he cannot understand how Tom could toy with Jim's life in such a way. For much time, Huck is! without the river and it is though his mind clouds; he follows along with Tom playing a sick game until the end when he is once again threatened with being â€Å"sivilized†. But I reckon I got to light out for the Territory ahead of the rest, because aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can't stand it. I been there before† (p. 362). Huck's adventure, if nothing else, has given him a wary eye towards â€Å"sivilized† society. When the prospect of settling down with Sally is presented he light's out for the Territory to distance himself from a restrictive, formal education. Twain ends his novel by setting Huck up for a new experience and personal growth. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn taught an important lesson, one that showed the importance of the self in the maturing process. We saw Huck grow up by having the river as a place of solitude and thought, where he was able to participate in society at times, and also sit back and observe society. Through the child's eye we see how ignorant and mob-like we can all be. Then nature, peace, and logic are presented in the form of the river where Huck goes to think. Though no concise answer is given, the literature forces the reader to examine their surroundings, and question their leaders.

My Last Duchess and Othello, IV, iii

In the dramatic form, be it monologue, dialogue or full theatrical scene, the author cannot step into the action to comment or interpret for us, as he can in a novel.   We must draw our own conclusions from what we see and hear, and this makes for powerful effects, as a character reveals him- or herself to us by what he or she says or does.   In the monologue My Last Duchess Browning misleads us with great skill before we realize that we are listening to a criminal lunatic. The dramatic force lies in the surprise we feel as the truth finally emerges.   In Act IV, scene iii of Othello there is again an agonizing irony for the viewer, who knows more than Desdemona and is of course impotent to help her.   Shakespeare works like a dentist without an anaesthetic, and the pain for the audience derives from the unbearable innocence of the doomed Desdemona, who is surely something like the Duchess in Browning’s poem, helpless and bewildered in the face of a murderous insanity in her husband. Browning’s Duke sounds so sane!   He is wonderfully gracious and articulate – â€Å"Will’t please you sit and look at her?† (5).   As he tells his story he seems to weigh his words with great caution, as if he is quite free of the distorting power of anger or any other passion, and is keen to avoid any unfairness in his judgment: â€Å"She had / A heart – how shall I say? – too soon made glad† (21-2), â€Å"†¦but thanked / Somehow – I know not how – as if she ranked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (31-2). He never raises his voice, and speaks with a measured confidence that quite takes us in. At first we might be tempted to believe that his attitudes are reasonable: â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not / her husband’s presence only, called that spot / Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† (13-15).   His manner is restrained even as he hints at her infidelity.   The painter flattered her about her appearance, as of course he would, being a Renaissance artist totally dependent on patronage, but she was charmed by it – foolishly, the Duke suggests. â€Å"She liked whate’er / She looked on† (23-24).   She was delighted by the beauty of the sunset, and the little tribute from the man who gave her the cherries, just as much as â€Å"My favour at her breast† (25).   What he seems to be objecting to is her failure to be properly selective and aristocratic in her tastes.   This is a rather extreme sort of snobbery, but perhaps not unprecedented; we may not find it attractive, but we may accept it as a feature of a proud man with a â€Å"nine-hundred-years-old name† (33). All the time, Browning is luring us up the garden path.   We begin to detect the problem.   The Duke is immensely proud, a man of great heritage, while she is free of snobbery, charmed by the delights of the world and human kindness, and genuinely innocent. (Infidelity does not now seem to be the Duke’s concern.)   Then we begin to see how his pride is really pathological arrogance. â€Å"Even had you skill / In speech – (which I have not)† (35-36), (he lies, of course) to explain your objection to her behavior – which is clearly quite â€Å"normal† – it would involve â€Å"stooping, and I choose / Never to stoop† (42-3).   So, rather than speak to her about his dissatisfaction, which would involve impossible condescension by him, he chose to solve the problem rather more radically: â€Å"This grew; I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped together† (45-6). It takes a moment for us to register what he did, so unbelievable is it and so evasively phrased.   Then, having confessed to murder, or, rather, boasted of it, he continues his negotiations for his next Duchess, celebrating, incidentally, one of his favorite art works, â€Å"Neptune†¦ Taming a sea-horse† (54-5), the very image of the brutal control that he has himself exerted over his innocent last Duchess. The willow scene from Othello works differently, of course, because it is a dialogue, though it is the inner workings of Desdemona’s mind that the dramatic form reveals here, just as much as is the case in Browning’s poem There is an almost intolerable pathos about this scene because Desdemona is so helpless.   She has a good idea of what is going to happen – â€Å"If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me /   In one of those same sheets† (24-5) and is impotent in the face of her fate. There seems to be no defence against the ruthless execution of Othello’s enraged will. She is in a sort of trance, a hypnosis of shock.   All she can do is wait for the end, and the pathetic simplicity of her reflections here is the sign of a wounded spirit in retreat from reality.   The tragic atmosphere is given additional poignancy by the occasional interruption of the everyday details of â€Å"undressing for bed†, the habitual continuing because there is nothing else to do in the face of the worst – â€Å"Prithee unpin me† (21). She continues at moments to pretend that this is just an ordinary night: â€Å"This Lodovico is a proper man† (35), not a comparison of Othello with her country forms, but a pathetic attempt at gossip. But her real thoughts emerge in the obsession with the willow song, which she cannot resist. It is the perfect mirror of her own fortune: â€Å"And she died singing it; that song tonight / Will not go from my mind† (30-1). Like a detail from a psychoanalyst’s casebook comes the unprompted line in the song that gives away the deepest thoughts of the willing victim. –Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve, — Nay, that’s not next.   Hark!   Who’s that knocks? –It is the wind.† (51-3) She corrects herself, but the absolute terror of realisation goes through her. The heroic innocence of Desdemona is highlighted by her conversation with Emilia. While Desdemona genuinely believes that no woman could in fact commit adultery â€Å"for all the world† (63), and swears that she herself would not do it â€Å"by this heavenly light† (64), Emilia responds, â€Å"Nor I neither, by this heavenly light, / I might do it as well in the dark† (65-6), and goes on to consider just what â€Å"all the world† might mean as a reward for the sin. Emilia is not immoral. It is just that Desdemona is on a superhuman and heroic level of behavior, and Emilia is on the normal level.   Compared with Desdemona’s helplessness in the face of the corruption of Othello, Emilia’s jokes have an immensely remedial health.   It is not a criticism of Desdemona, but it is a firm placing of trust in the human by Shakespeare. We can imagine that what Desdemona feels and says is very close to the response of Browning’s Duchess.   Both of them are innocent and benevolent women faced by deranged men.   The creation of character and the realization of human dilemma in the dramatic form are forceful and, in these two cases, immensely painful for the audience or reader.   The form makes the reader peculiarly impotent in the face of disaster. We would like to stand up in the theatre and shout at the stage, like the lady in the famous story, â€Å"You great black fool, can’t you see she’s innocent?†      

The Ultimate Punishment: a Defense by Ernest Van Den Haag

The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense by Ernest Van Den Haag In The Ultimate Punishment, Van Den Haag talks about the death penalty in the United States and takes the stance that it is morally justifiable and sometimes needs to be a punishment that is used to gain retribution. He states, â€Å"It ends the existence of those punished, instead of temporarily imprisoning them. † A murderer has taken away the lives of other people, as well as punishing the family members indirectly causing them pain. Therefore not only is this retribution to the person who was killed, but also to the people that the victim was survived by.The first section of this article is about distribution of equality. Van Den Haag states, â€Å"The ideal of justice demands that justice be equally distributed, not that it be replaced by equality. Justice requires that as many of the guilty as possible be punished, regardless of whether others have avoided punishment. † In other words justice to him is the idea that everyone will ‘get what they deserve’ or ‘an eye for an eye’ type of treatment. And even if somehow others have slipped through the cracks that doesn’t mean we should let more people do it too.Also that just because a few people have been wrongfully murdered it is part of the better good because of the number of people that have been rightfully convicted. Deterrence is also a big part of his views on the death penalty. â€Å"I believe the death penalty, because of its finality, is more feared than imprisonment, and deters some prospective murders not deterred by the threat of imprisonment. † Therefore if one person’s life is saved by the deterrence factor of a potential murderer not killing due to being afraid of the death penalty it is well worth it.Justice is also brought up in the last section of his article. Ernest believes that if you decide to commit the crime and still knowingly commit it when you know your consequences then why would you not be forced to suffer them? The following quote from Van Den Haag sums up his thoughts on the topic in one line, â€Å"By murdering, the murderer has so dehumanized himself that he cannot remain among the living. The social recognition of his self-degradation is the punitive essence of execution.

Reflection on postmortem care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on postmortem care - Research Paper Example Further, the involved nurse may be expected to contact the next of kin and seek permission for possible actions such as undertaking an autopsy and even donation of organs if such cases are involved in the will of the dead. The postmortem care involves three major elements, assessment, diagnosis, and planning. The assessment phase of the activity involves confirmation of the death, evaluation of the family’s emotional condition, and consultation with the family regarding autopsy and organ donation. The initial stage of the care is the verification that the heart and the lungs have stopped functioning and that the involved physician has pronounced the person dead. The nurse then evaluates emotional status of the bereaved family to offer necessary support. Diagnosis that may identify anxiety and insufficient knowledge among the family follows before contact with the next of kin and the actual care process. My team performed a postmortem care at Rose hospital in Lindsay, Ontario. It was my first time to participate in the activity and I did not know the patient, neither had I attended to him before his death. Our instructor led us into the room after the family had left and she talked to us in a low voice, probably to ensure that nobody heard us because it was a training exercise and not a professional practice. The activity involved the instructor, four other students, and I. I was the team leader and led the team as we performed postmortem care on the body by removing all the tubes such as the urine and IV catheters. We then cleaned the body and put the identification tag on it. We left the gown on to ensure respect for the body, bagged it, and transferred it to the morgue. I felt sad at watching the dead body but the experience did not have significant emotional effect on me and I treated the body in a similar way that I would to a patient. A major issue in the post mortem care is ethical

Effective Behavior Support Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective Behavior Support - Assignment Example Materials from presentations available on certain websites have also been studied. In end of the article, a conclusion has been drawn to present crux of whole discussion. Research Methodology The data is taken from various research journals, books, and magazines. The publications mostly published after 2000 A.D have been studied for discussion and literature review. The author has tried to review most recent studies regarding effective behavior support. Literature Review Many scholars and researchers have written on the topic of effective behavior support. Effective academic instructions should emphasize on facilitating students success during tenure of their teaching in schools (Scott et al., 2002). This will support the students in obtaining better results and show responsible behavior towards their studies. Li (2000) has argued that students are affected by school environments as well as community outside the school premises. As students spend their life in different environments, they are influenced by different settings such as family, peer group, school etc. Within their family, children learn basic things of their life – things like eating, speaking, behaving with family members and outsiders. Christensen (2003) has found that a number of research studies indicate that the extent to which students feel connected to their school, feel connected to their home, feel connected to peer groups, is the extent to which their achievement is predicted to be successful. Social and economical conditions also affect the behavior of students and degree of participation in the school activities. Hourahan (2000) finds through his research studies that students belonging to working class in USA had more language problems than the students coming from wealthier families. Gao (2000) has also described the impact of social status on the intercultural communication regarding Chinese in Australian education institutions. In this backdrop, socio-economic status plays a significant part in determining the chances of success for the students. Why effective behavior support is needed? Effective behavior support (EBS) is adopted by different nations (Safran, 2006). It is a comprehensive approach that focuses on prevention of negative behavior through careful and systematic educational programs. This approach supports students all over the world to decrease negative and antisocial behavior (Sugai & Horner, 2006). This approach is applied not only to individual students but also to entire school setting. It has also received positive response from institutions across the world. The effective behavior support minimizes the problem behavior (Carr et al., 2002). It involves respectful, constructive, proactive, and educative behaviors that bring positive changes in society as well as in behavior of the individuals. Behavior management is highly dependent on the educational background and social set up. Scholars have noted a number of behavior problems in st udents. To get a crystal clear picture of this behavior, classroom and non-classroom settings have been studied. Researchers emphasize that behavior support plays vital role in success of students and has positive impact on the environment of the school. Effective behavior support demands for improvement in the school atmosphere that helps students achieve maximum results. Positive behavior support incorporates a number of strategies which aim at gaining significant social and learning outcomes. Approaches to behavior

Specific questions on avionic regulations, certifications and Essay

Specific questions on avionic regulations, certifications and standards - Essay Example gnificant in the overall performance of the plane, for instance, light bulb; however, such items may also affect the safety of the aircraft since they are connected to other major parts, i.e. the light bulb, for example, is part of the electrical channel of the aircraft (Transport Canada 22). Reason: The type certificate clearly and precisely gives a definition of the requirements of the changes and modifications that have to comply with the stipulations of airworthiness; this is also a requirement of the change product rule. Reason: An AFM supplement is provided in the case of any change that may tamper with the regulatory data that may be contained in the Fundamental AFM. Regulatory data contained in the supplemental manual is confirmed by the TCCA (Delegation and Engine Design ppt). The correct answer is (c): Continuing Airworthiness is achieved in part by the development, issuance and distribution of Airworthiness Circulars and the Approval of the Alternative Means of Compliance. Reason: The issuance of Airworthiness Circulars and the approval of the Alternative Means of Compliance form part of the requirements needed to obtain a Certificate of Continuing Airworthiness which is later approved by the Minister (Transport Canada 10). Reason: The approval of Alternative Means of Compliance or exemption to AD requirements is given by the Airworthiness Directives Department of Transport Canada and not the Airworthiness Certification Department (Transport Canada

Staff Retention Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Staff Retention Strategy - Assignment Example They are the customers for jobs. If managers do not prepare a good foundation, they cannot expect them to stay. Employees will no longer endure what they do not like in their employment situation. They have power in the knowledge of their abilities and confidence in their value in the marketplace. With greater loyalty to their career and their skills than to their employer, they move on. Current paper provides discussion of proper strategies that should be applied for keeping employees who are the greatest assets of any organization. Using the case of London Housing Association, I will emphasize strategies of retention employees in this organization while basically examining job descriptions, recruitment, selection, and orientation, looking at the employees' perspectives on the issue. Keeping good help productive and on the job is the keystone of management. It is an everyday, continual process. It represents not one single problem with one single solution but rather a maze of simple and complex problems each with several possible solutions. Successful management deals with each problem and chooses among the alternative solutions. Management is, perhaps, problem solving and decision making. In dealing with problems the manager would do well to keep in mind an old rule "If you are not part of the solution, then you must be part of problem... If you are part of the solution, you are probably part of the next problem." (Campbell, Campbell, & Chia, 132) The problem of high turnover seems more evident in some businesses than in others. The manager who faces this problem should be aware that there is no simple solution, only intelligent choices. In making these choices the manager needs a basic understanding of people and why they do what they do or why they don't do what you would like them to do. The choices management makes in these decisions should be predicated upon the goals of the organization. The results of such decisions may actually be a test of the validity of organizational goals. Realistic goals which have been developed and accepted by all segments of the organization will prove to be a much sounder base for management decisions than goals developed from a narrow perspective of any one segment of the organization. Both the organization and the employee are beginning a relationship that will not last if there is a mismatch between the position requirements and the new hire's skills. It makes no difference if the mismatch is due to managers' unawareness of what they need, not having the right person in candidate pool, not selecting the person who can do the work, or not launching the person hired on the right track. The results are, on either side, unfruitful. For the organization: loss of productivity because work is not getting done or not getting done right; burnout of overworked employees; the often hidden cost of management time to fix the problem. For the employee: frustration due to not being able to use one's skills; investment of time and energy to find another position. In London Housing Association retention is interrelated with recruitment and employee relations. Each impacts the other, and all three are related. London Housing Association begins its retention efforts by centralizing its recruitment efforts. Through its recruitment centers it provides better-quality applicants for managers to

Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Theology - Essay Example This paper intends to discuss why would an intelligent mind believe or not believe in the existence of God, and what my opinion about the nature and existence of God is. A 90 minute debate was held in Alys Stephens Center in Birmingham, Alabama, on October 03, 2007 between two Oxford University colleagues; an atheist and secular humanist, Professor Richard Dawkins, and a Christian apologist, Professor John Lennox. The topic of the debate was the existence of God based upon the atheistic views that Dawkins presented in his book, The God Delusion. In the debate, Dawkins explains his theses regarding the rejection of God’s existence saying that science is based on evidence-based grounds whereas faith is blind and is based merely on satisfactory beliefs and thus it drags humans to believe what is told in religion without the need of understanding and exploring. This makes us say that an intelligent mind believes that science does not support religion; rather, it supports rationalism or atheism. Marx conception of God’s existence is purely atheistic. He affirms that an intelligent mind must argue that the designer God, if there is one, must need another designer to design him. Freud does not believe in God and asserts that â€Å"the sooner one accepts that God does not exist, the better† (qtd. in McFaul 9) if one wants to step into mature adulthood. Christianity poses dangers to the existence of humans as all wars and destructions come as a result of the religious beliefs and difference in faiths. Dawkins explains an argument from his book, that is, faith is blind whereas science is evidence-based (92) in which he argues that faith is by no reasons strengthening its grounds in the 21st century when it has nothing to do with evidence. On the other hand, according to Dawkins, â€Å"science uses evidence to discover the truth about the universe† and scientific discoveries are based on research and

HUMAN RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HUMAN RIGHTS - Essay Example What are Human Rights? Human Rights can broadly be defined as a set of various international norms that have been designed to help in the protection of all people all over the world from any form of severe social, legal and political abuses. Common examples of human rights generally include the right of an individual not to face any torture, the right to have freedom of religion as well as the undeniable right for one to have affair trial in the event that they happen to be charged with a crime (Orend 2002). The main sources of the current versions of human rights include the International Bill of Rights which emerged as the United Nations, 1948b Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various treaties and human rights documents (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). Various human rights treaties such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) have resorted to creating various treaty bodies to help them effectively monitor the implementation and compliance of these treat ies (Orend 2002). How and why did Human Rights Enter the International Political Process since WWII? After the horrors that were witnessed during the Second World War, there was a broad consensus that emerged at the international level that was keen in demanding that the individual human being should essentially be placed under the protection of the international community. The atrocities that had been committed against certain specific ethic groups as a result of anarchy had shown that it was possible for national governments to gravely fail to protect their citizen’s liberty and lives. As such, since it had been established that the provision of protective mechanisms at the domestic level alone was not enough to provide enough sufficiently stable safeguards, it was thus necessary to entrust the planned new world organization with the role of guaranteeing the enforcement of human rights on a universal scale. Some Latin American countries requested that a full code of human r ights be included in the United Nations Charter at the 1945 San Francisco conference so as to promote the Universalism of these rights. Due to various time constraints it was not possible for the motion to successful at that stage. The commission on Human Rights created a draft of the International Bill of Rights and drafted the Universal Declaration of Human rights, which was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10th, 1948. This Declaration of Human Rights and two UN international treaties are what are collectively commonly referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). What has Changed about the Character of International Relations since WWII Since the end of the Second World War, there have been rampant changes in the nature and content of international relations. Some of these changes include the fact that the politico-geographic setting of the world has undergone major changes. This factor has been further emphasized by dec olonization that lead to the materialization of an enlarged number of new Sovereign nations that seek to assert themselves in the international community of nations (Fry 2002). After the Second World War, the number of nations that where members of the U.N. was seen to increase from 51

Is there mutual incompatibility of deep integration, national Essay

Is there mutual incompatibility of deep integration, national sovereignty, and democracy Discuss - Essay Example The process of economic integration however carries with it inherent qualities which seem to be incompatible with the principles of sovereignty and democracy. This paper shall discuss this incompatibility in the Central Eastern European (CEE) region, in the hope of coming up with a clear and comprehensive assessment of the region and on the application of globalization practices. There is a mutual incompatibility of deep integration, national sovereignty and democracy in the CEE region because of the inherent qualities of independent and sovereign states which set them apart from each other. National sovereignty refers to the right of a state in relation to its territories to perform, â€Å"to the exclusion of any other state, the functions of a state† (Strange, 1996, p. 45). Integration, to some extent, demands that sovereignty be given up or relinquished to the region or to the global market. The CEE region is a region which is mainly composed of post-communist countries from Czech Republic to Russia (BlogCamp, 2008). In some instances, it is also known as the emerging or the new Europe in the sense that it is slowly emerging in the current digitized world. For example, Ukraine manifested a 100% annual growth of online advertising market for two years in a row (BlogCamp, 2008). The growth of the region in terms of internet usage and economic advance s will be considered in the area of Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova); Central Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia); Baltics (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania); and Eastern Balkans (Romania and Bulgaria) (BlogCamp, 2008). In the previous year, analysts were keen to note that the region was headed towards a regional crisis which was very like the East Asia crisis towards the end of the 90s. The crisis showed that the region was rife with problems in its regional

Critical Analysis of the Nature of Gender Differences in Communication Essay

Critical Analysis of the Nature of Gender Differences in Communication - Essay Example In addition, the way that men and women adapt to others whose communication methods are different in order to achieve their communication goals. One non-verbal element of communication that can often be seen is the concept of confirmation. This is the process of acknowledge that someone exists and that the communicator is aware of that existence. This is often achieved by the nod of the head, a handshake, smile, or eye contact. A verbal indication of confirmation is a greeting such as a simple â€Å"hello†. This type of communication demonstrates respect and is often used as an attempt to gain trust from another person. We can see how men and women respond differently to this type of communication by looking at the first scene of the Modern Family episode. The theme of the situation comedy is that the family supports the other members even when they don’t agree on the actions of the family member, and even if they don’t believe that an endeavor will work. They co mmunicate their support in a secondary way through nonverbal cues as well as verbal advice. The characters in the family represent the stereotypical characters for the most part, but three members of the family stand out from the rest. There are two gay guys and a Latin Woman present in the show, who has a son with Jay in the show. Gloria, the Latina, has a thick Spanish accent and dresses like a Flamenco dancer almost, she is the prototype of a hot Latin woman, wearing bold colors and low cut dresses with high heels. Since the essay is about the difference between men and women and how they communicate, parts of the essay will focus on how she communicates in certain situations with her husband and other men. When Claire sees Dwayne, the town councilman standing outside a grocery store campaigning for reelection, she calls him â€Å"jerk† and â€Å"phony† in a low voice to her husband because Dwayne did not accept her proposal to put in a stop sign on her street. On t he other hand, the councilman who is running for office shows a big sign of the element of confirmation by warmly saying hello and shaking the husbands hand and asking for his vote. The husband immediately responds with eye contact and a smile saying that he will vote for the man. Meanwhile, Claire keeps reverting her glance away from the councilman, and indicator that men are more straightforward when communicating in person, while women are more self-aware. When Claire finally introduces herself, she announces that they have met before implying that the man should remember the encounter. After a few seconds, the man does remember and once again refutes her original request, keeping a smile on his face the entire time as if smiling is all it will take to win him the election. The man fails to acknowledge her request, responding that everyone asks for the same thing, but that’s not really what people want. This frustrates Claire even more and as she walks away, the issue for her is clearly not solved and her trust in the councilman has diminished even further. This is a great example of how men and women respond differently to confirmation efforts in communication. For the husband, the nonverbal cues were enough to satisfy him and increase his faith in the councilman, but for Claire, the use of non-verbal cues and the lack of verbal confirmation only served to lessen her faith in the coun

Hate Crimes and the Homosexual Community Essay Example for Free

Hate Crimes and the Homosexual Community Essay Abstract In this paper I am talking about Hate crimes against the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. I show that though Hate crimes are classified as crimes that are evoked by sexual orientation, race, identity, gender, or religion. Hate crimes are more common amongst the gay and transgender men. I show states with highest conviction rate in 2012. I also show the upward incline in numbers since 2005 until now. I offer explanations as to who commits these crimes and why. Lastly I show the progression of time and how prejudice and hate crimes although upward in numbers are really being accepted in our communities. Hate crimes and the Homosexual community After the Civil war the Government passed the first Hate crime Law in America. Recently, in 2009 sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, and disability were added to the categories covered by the law. According to ( Stotzer,2012) these crimes are more common among homosexual men and the transgendered community, because most hate crimes are committed by heterosexual men. Even though lesbian women are victims of hate crimes, statistics show that hate crimes are more common among homosexual men and the transgendered community, because heterosexual men commit most hate crimes (Stotzer, 2012). Studies also find that twenty in 200,000 lesbians, gay men and bisexuals reported being victims of hate crimes. 52 in 200,000 gay men reported being victims of hate crimes. Yet only twenty in 200,000 reported being victims of hate crimes. Hate Crimes against Homosexual and Transgendered â€Å"There were 15,351 anti-homosexual hate crime offenses during 2002-2011†. (Potok, 2012, para. #). According to the (Intelligence Report, winter 2010, Issue Number: 140. The numbers show that gay men are two times more likely  to suffer a violent hate crime attack than Jews. Gays are 3 times more likely to be attacked than blacks, and five times more likely than Muslims. FBI reports say that hate crimes against gay men have been on the rise since 2005. Violent hate crimes against LGBT people grew by 48 percent from 2005 until 2011. In 2010 Census.gov shows that half of all hate crimes were based on sexual orientation bias (Census.Gov, 2010). In 2011 reports show that there were 26 transgendered murders reported in the USA alone. In 2010 the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey in USA found that approximately 75% of sexual-orientation related hate crimes were of a violent nature.(Stozer, 2010) Physiological Research on Straight Men Who Kill or Physically Harm Homosexuals Mison (year) states that [a] murderous personal reaction toward gay men should be considered an irrational and idiosyncratic characteristic of the defendant and should not be allowed to bolster the alleged reasonableness of the defendants act(Dressler, 1995, p.4). Helena L. Alden and Karen F. Parker also state â€Å"that homophobia and gender stratification directly influences the incidents of hate crime victimization† (Alden, Parker, 2004). People who commit hate crimes are not limited to but mostly are Caucasian lower-class men who commit the crimes for fun or simply in resentment toward a certain group (Comstock 1991: 60-62; McDevitt and Levin 1993). Studies say that most men who commit these crimes have no physiological defects or problems. This means that these men are committing these hate crimes knowing exactly what they are doing. These studies ultimately prove that the victim is not at fault for the attack. These crimes are being committed out of sheer hate, hence the name â€Å"Hate crimes†. Examples of Hate Crimes against Homosexuals Matthew Shepard In 1998 the sad and horrifying murder of Matthew Shepard woke people up to just how serious hate crimes are getting. Matthew Shepard was only 21 years old. He was first robbed, then beaten within inches of his life and left for dead by two men. The two men told shepherd they were Homosexual and wanted to hang out with him. Matthew went with them and was led to a desert where he was beat to death. They did not charge the men with a hate crime;  therefore it kept them from receiving the maximum punishment. Following the attention and emotion evoked by Matthew Shepard’s death People’s eyes begin to open, both in the public and in the political office. 11 years after Matthew’s murder Obama passed an act to include sexual orientation, identity and gender. In honor of Mathew this act was named after him and James Byrd Jr. The Act is the first federal law to extend legal protections to transgender persons (James, 1998). Gwen Araujo Gwen Araujo – born Edward â€Å"Eddie† Araujo was a pre-operative transgender teen. Eddie was born as a boy and began living life as a girl at the age of 14. Her name was legally changed to Gwen Amber Rose Araujo two years after her death. In the early hours of Oct. 4, 2002, Gwen was killed by a group of men in her hometown of Newark, California then buried in a homemade grave after they found out she was born male. The men were convicted of second-degree murder in connection to the killing of Gwen Araujo who was beaten, tied up and strangled, according to previous media reports. (Heinrich, 2006) States That Have Highest Rate of Hate Crimes against Homosexuals New York and California are the two states with the highest anti-gay hate crime rates.in 2011 in California a three fourths of hate crimes were motivated by the sexual orientation of the victims. The majority of hate crime reported in that category targeted gay men. â€Å"These crimes continue to disproportionately affect LGBT people of color,† (Marroquin, 2012, p. #). The second highest state is New York with a percentage of 19.6 in 2010 and 39.4 in 2011. (Lovett, 2011). In 2011, the most common reported types of bias motivation in hate crime incidents involved: race/ ethnicity religion, and sexual orientation leading at 40.6 percent.(Lovett,2011). Incidents with a sexual orientation bias increased 15 percent, from 119 in 2010 to 167 in 2011 (Lovett,2012). Consequences of hate crimes and conviction rates Haider (2001) states that â€Å"Hate crime policy implementation is shaped by the support and efforts of officers, the tractability of the problem, the support of police leaders, and the presence of state hate crime policies, police resources, and public opinion.†(p.1). The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 required the U.S. Department of Justice to collect data on incidence  of hate crimes. This Act was passed by Bush in 1990. As a response to the murders of Matthew Shepard president Obama passed the most recent act in 2009. This Bill helps protect the LGBT community against hate crimes. Hate crime laws seems to be good but due to lack of enforcement a lot has still gone undone. There are still many hate crimes unsolved as well as unreported. Numbers have not gone down but, they have gone up. (Parfaite-Claude, 2012). Conviction Rates are shockingly low. According the Attorney General’s Report, only 51% of cases filed as â€Å"Hate Crimes† result in Convictions . Conclusion In conclusion, No matter what state you are in the statistics say that anti-gay hate crimes are leading in numbers. Sadly, Crime against persons is number one. Second is crime against Property. What must be taken into consideration is that more than half of anti- gay hate crimes are not reported, Due to fear, pride, or embarrassment. Although America has come a Long way with its hate crime laws and convictions, something more must be done. The enforcers of the law must do their jobs and remain loyal to their promises to their communities. In effect the people will feel more protected, which will in turn help them to feel more comfortable in reporting crimes. The key to overcoming hate crimes is to overcome hate. References Gay men more likely victims of hate crimes. (2012, May 23). Windy City Times Altschiller, D. (2009). Hate crimes: V.1: Understanding and defining hate crime; v.2: The consequences of hate crime; v.3: The victims of hate crime; v.4: Hate crime offenders; v.5: Responding to hate crime. Choice, 46(12), 2418-2418. Brownworth, V. A. (1992, Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Lambda Book Report, 3, 34-34. Coker, C. T. (2011). Hope-fulfilling or effectively chilling? reconciling the hate crimes prevention act with the first amendment. Vanderbilt Law Review, 64(1), 271-299 Dressler, J. (1995). When heterosexual men kill homosexual men: Reflections of provocation law, sexual advances, and the reasonable man standard. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 85(3), 726-726. Fernandez, J. M. (1991). Bringing Hate Crime into Focus-The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-275. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 26(1), 33. Haider-Markel, D. P. (2001). Implementing Controversial Policy: results from a national survey of law enforcement department activity on hate crime. Justice Research and Policy, 3(1), 29-62. Herdt, G. (1995). The protection of gay and lesbian youth hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed by jack levin and jack McDevitt / violence against lesbians and gay men by gary david comstock. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 315-315 Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 19-22. Heidenreich, L. (2006). LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF GWEN ARAUJO?—Transphobic Racial Subordination and Queer Latina Survival in the Twenty-First Century. Chicana/Latina Studies, 50-86. Hoffman, S. W. (2011). Last night, I prayed to matthew: Matthew shepard, homosexuality, and popular martyrdom in contemporary america. Religion and American Culture : R AC, 21(1), 121-164. Lampinen, T. M., PhD., Chan , K., Anema, A., Miller, M. L., R.N., Schilder, A. J., Schechter, Martin T,M.D., PhD., . . . Strathdee, S. A., PhD. (2008). Incidence of and risk factors for sexual orientation-related physical assault among young men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, Mariana Marroquin(2011), L.A. Gay Lesbian Center’s Anti-Violence Project. Martin, S. E. (1995). A cross-burning is not just an arson: Police social construction of hate crimes in baltimore county. Criminology, 33(3), 303-30398(6), 1028-35 Morin, S. F. (1977). Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality. American Psychologist, 32(8), 629. Nadine, R. R., Davison, G. C. (2002). Articulated thoughts about antigay hate crimes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 431-447. Nolan,James J., I.,II, Akiyama, Y., Berhanu, S. (2002). The hate crime statistics act of 1990: Developing a method for measuring the occurrence of hate violence. The American Behavioral Scientist, 46( 1), 136-153. Parfaite-Claude, D. (2012). Gay-bashing, interrupted: the effects of the presence of state hate crime statutes on the prevalence of hate crimes against gay individuals. Stotzer, R. L. (2008). Gender identity and hate crimes: Violence against transgender people in los angeles county. Sexuality Research Social Policy, 5(1), 43-52. Stotzer, R. L. (2010). Sexual orientation-based hate crimes on campus: The impact of policy on reporting rates. Sexuality Research Social Policy, 7(3), 147-154 Tejeda, M. J. (2004). Egalitarianism and self-esteem as correlates of hate ideation against gay men and lesbians. Journal of Multicultural Nursing Health, 10(1), 42-50 Wilson, M. S., Ruback, R. B. (2003). Hate crimes in pennsylvania, 1984-99: Case characteristics and police responses*. Justice Quarterly : JQ, 20(2), 373-398

Sexism In English Language English Language Essay

Sexism In English Language English Language Essay Sexism in language represents one of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies. As a phenomenon of society, sexism is reflected through language that expresses inclination in favor of one sex and treats the other one in a discriminatory manner. Characteristically, the bias is in favor of men and against women. Thus, the language is presented as a powerful tool of patriarchy. Even though in English-speaking countries all the people are considered equal, discrimination against women exists and this fact is observed in language. Given this evidence, the purpose of the research is to study morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of English sexist language. The research proposal will therefore seek to explore and investigate the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To define the concept of sexist language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To identify and evaluate the cultural factor, social factor, physiological factor and psychological factor which influence the existence of sexism in English language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To examine the elements of sexism in the English language which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of the language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To determine the strategies for avoiding sexism in English language. The main method applied in this study is a literary overview of the works in which is treated the topic Sexism in English language. The theoretical framework which influenced the elaboration of this research for the deeper insight into the problem of morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of English sexist language is based on the relevant and recent works of such authors as Peter Trudgill in Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, Nilson, Alleen Pace and Haig Bosmajian, H Lee Gershung, Julia P Stanley in Sexism and Language, Nneka Umera-Okeke in Linguistic Sexism: An Overview of the English Language in Everyday Discourse and Hudson, R. A. in Sociolinguistics. These books were selected for the present research as they investigate the phenomenon of sexism in English language and they are recent studies from sociolinguistic domain. On the basis of their ideas concerning elements of sexism in English language, I will analyze and compare their assumptions and evidences about the topic under the discussion. Consequently, I will outline the similarities and differences between their points of view concerning the topic. In addition to this, I will try to determine if they contradict or share the same ideas about the problem investigated and if their arguments are reasonable and trustful, in order to clarify if English language is a sexist one, and if it is to examine the elements of sexism in the English language which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of the language. The motivation for choosing the topic of this research proposal is based on the fact that during the last decades a lot of questions and criticisms of  sexist language  have appeared, trying to identify whether English language is a sexist language or it does not. Thus, it would be relevant to perform a linguistic investigation of morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of sexist language. On the basis of this investigation, we will identify the role language plays in the society and how it influences the social attitudes of human beings. Taking into account the fact that women were regarded as a weaker gender in society, being discriminated for a long time, it seems interesting and challenging to explore this topic in order to identify whether this stereotyped social phenomena or subordinate status of women in society is reflected and preserved in language. Due to the fact that many students encounter difficulties in determining the gender of the nouns, the results o f this research will help them to distinguish between the common gender, female gender and male gender of the words and to justify their use. This research could serve as a didactic material for teachers of sociolinguistics and help investigate the main morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of sexist language. Definitions of Sexist Language One of the most important factors in the development of the world is language, which can be interpreted as a human creation. Taking into account the fact that humanity is divided into two spheres: the sphere of males and the spheres of females, it can be revealed a major ambiguity concerning the subject if the language is made by men or by women. Even though, English countries claim that all people are born equal, there are a lot of inequalities between men and women. It is put stress on this topic because according to sociolinguistic research, this inequality is reflected in language and this phenomena sexism in language represents one of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies. According to Hudson, sexism in English languages has existed for a long time, which is reflected of the traditional ethics that men are superior to women [x; 38]. In this order of ideas, Deborah Cameron work, reveals that Men originate from Mars and Women originate from Venus [10]. Given this evidence, it can be seen that some gender differences do exist. Support for this interpretation comes from Peter Trudgell, through his work Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society [7; 100], who confirms that males are above females, due to the fact that in the past there existed the myth of superiority, when the entire power was in the hands of men. Thus, as a special social phenomenon, sexism is inevitably reflected through language and sexism in language reflects sexism in society. But, with the raise of womens liberation, and the development of mass media, the whole English words start a social revolution to eliminate the sexism in the English language, because sexism in the English language is seen as a discriminating act of women. This point is particularly relevant for Nneka Umera-Okekes study Sexism in English Language, who asserts that sexism is a kind of discrimination by one sex against the other, especially by males against females [4; 7]. Applied to language, Rob in Lakoff underlines that a sexist language takes a male-as-norm attitude, while female norms have a less positive connotation than males. Thus, Robin Lakoff uses the example of master vs mistress to make the point: there are unequal  connotations  that surround these two matching terms and to the detriment of the female Master has strong and powerful connotation, while mistress does not [2; 67]. This evidence seems to indicate that a sexist language also presents stereotypes of both females and males, but more often to the disadvantage of females. A fuller discussion about sexist language appears in the study Beginners Guide to Language and Gender. Multilingual Matters, 2008, by Allyson Jule, who claims that a sexist language depicts women in the position of passive object rather than active subject, such as on the basis of their appearance (a blonde) or domestic roles (a mother of two) when similar depictions in similar contexts would not be made of men [1; 65]. On this basi s it may be inferred that sexist language discriminates against women. Research by Nneka Umera-Okeke, Linguistic Sexism: An Overview of the English Language in Everyday Discourse, suggests that sexist language is considered to be any language that is supposed to include all people, but unintentionally (or not) excludes a gender -this can be either males or females. It is clear therefore that a look at sexist language is finding the relation between language and gender. A more plausible explanation for this phenomenon would refer to the moment when many people meet difficulties of making the choices between certain words in their everyday discourses. For instance, they wonder which to choose the chairman has arrived for the meeting or the chairperson has arrived when referring to a woman. This fact lends weight to the argument that a sexist language excludes women and trivializes what women do [4; 32]. Sexist language is especially common in situations that describe jobs-common assu mptions include that all doctors are men, all nurses are women, all coaches are men, or all teachers are women. These examples lend strong support to the fact that a sexist language transmits the stereotypes. Ivy and Backlund state that a sexist language refers to the attitudes/behaviors that denigrate one sex to the rise of the other. [5; 123]. Given this evidence it can be seen that sexist language is a verbal communication that transmit those attitudes and behaviors. Additionally to this, a sexist language can be viewed as an instrument used by the members of the society to damage someone. Cameron rightly points out that a language can be called sexist if it represents or name the world from a masculine viewpoint. This means that language encodes a cultures values, and in this way reflects sexist culture [10]. The opinion of Parks Roberton concerning the definition of sexist language is that words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between women and men or exclude, or diminish either gender [5; 127]. In other words, sexist language refers to the use of language expressions in such a way that it constitutes an unbalanced portrayal of the sexes. Hyde has drawn attention to the fact that in a sexist language he and man refer to everyone [3; 73]. This fact becomes clear when Slovenko examines English language stating that except for words that refer to female by definition (mother, actress, Congresswoman), and words for occupations traditionally held by females (nurse, secretary, prostitute), the English language defines everyone as male [6; 78]. Concluding this subchapter designed to the analysis of the definitions of sexist language, it can be entailed the fact that the sexist language excludes, marginalizes or discriminates against people on the basis of their gender and creates an unfair distinction between women and men. Sexism in language in general comes in three major forms: language ignores women; it defines women as less significant than men; and it completely opposes women. They can be located in the generic masculine terms. Thus, the sexist language is the use of words that cultivate stereotyped gender roles. The Factors of Sexism in the English Language Sexism in English is built up during a long period of the development of language, which leads to the variety of the causes. Thus, in the study An Analysis of Sexism in English Language, there are enumerated four factors which cause the appearance of sexism in language: [11]. Religious Factor According to the Holy Bible (The Books of The Old Testament), God created man first of all, while woman made from one of mans ribs was created just as a help meet for him [Holy Bible]. From the order of the birth, it is obvious to see the different importance of man and woman. Thus, man and woman are not equal at all because woman is only a part of man, which itself is the discrimination against women. Additionally to this, it is known the fact that the first sin was also committed by the woman. Consequently, the woman was punished to bring forth children in pain and was ruled over by the man. These two examples reveal the superiority of men and inferiority of women. In fact, the Holy Bible is actually a book of men and as Christianity is such a powerful religion in Western countries, it is clear therefore that this religious factor consolidate the inferiority of women. Physiological factor Due to the fact that men are stronger than women from physiological point of view, it can be stated that this fact determines that men play a more and more important role in social and economic lives. A mans job is to work outside but a womans job is to stay at home, do the housework and take care of the children. Women are treated as the weaker ones and they realize their own values through their marriages to men. At last, women are lower in status. They have to leech on to men and are dominated by men. Gradually, people begin to discriminate women and think that they are inferior in intelligence. This wrong perspective reflects in language [7; 37]. Social Factor Feminists all claim that we live in a patriarchal society: a society of men, ruled by men and for men. Patriarchy depicts men as the perfect norm against which women are measured and found lacking. Both the Western and Eastern societies use sex, to one degree or another, in allocating tasks, activities, rights, and responsibilities. As for the job done by men and women, there is a long-stereotyped notion of what they can do. In history, there has been a division of labor-a division in which womens place was restrained at home for housework and child-care while men worked outside being the breadwinner. At last, men had dominance over women, and women had to be dependent on men. This was the turning point for women. Thus the sexism in the society has been in existence, the embodiment of which is necessarily the sexism of language. Guimei He in his work An Analysis of Sexism in English, adds that this factor is in a strong correlation with labor division [11]. Psychological factor Because of the social and cultural factors, women are always considered to be the weak. People treat women as inferior to men. They educate men to be manly, decisive, and brave while women are required to be polite, conservative, obedient, and gentle. Because women are in subordinate status in the society, they have to constrain their emotion and give up their own need to meet the satisfaction of men. As time passes, when speaking women pay more attention to the elegance and standard of language than men. They use more pleasant and polite words in the hope that they can receive others approval. And they are taught to speak softly, to avoid contradicting others, to be obedient in communication, and to be aware of giving cues of strong confidence. They mould themselves to be inferior in their potential sub consciousness. Therefore, women try their best to strengthen their social status through their speech than men do. This also suggests that women are in a lower position in the societ y. Additionally to this, Xiang Xu in his study The Sexism in English and Its Rebuilding, claims that history development also had a strong influence to the appearance of sexism in language. Thus, he exemplifies that from ancient time on, the ruling position in western society is almost held by male persons. After climbing to the high position, men began to look down upon women. This attitude could influence the ideology of the whole society. So lots of men-central terms with sexists color came into being during the stage of English forming. In the 14th century, Chaucer, who is concieved as the Father of English language, created a great deal of terms, later, Milton and Shakespeare competitively invented new words. They contributed a lot to English, at the same time, the negative side they brought cant be ignored. These famous males contribution to English who were living in males society, accelerated the extensive transmission of the language of sexism [9; 101-103]. 1.3 Elements of Sexism in English Language In order to identify if English Language is a sexist language, we are going to focus on the identification and examination of elements of sexism which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of English Language. 1.3.1 Morphological Peculiarities of Sexism in English a) Derivation In English Language, derivation is a way of word formation with the help of derivational morphemes affixes and suffixes. It forms a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its base through the addition of an affix. These affixes often change the part of the stem. Thus, affixes help us to identify relationships within words. The affixes are always bound morphemes, which carries information about meaning or function. Referring to the English lexicon, Guimei He in his study An Analysis of Sexism in English, claims that in the English lexicon one of the most obvious evidences of the sexism is the affixes which lead to a view of women as a derivation from a male term [11]. The feminine one is always derivative of the masculine one by adding a feminine suffix such as -ess and -ette. Actor, for instance, with the meaning of a person who plays the part of a character in a movie or play ,when attached to a feminine suffix -ess, becomes actress with the meaning of woman with profession similar to those of actor . And as for -ette, when usher is adhered to -ette, it becomes usherette. Such pairs of the words are of long lists in English lexicon. Here just list some of them: Masculine Feminine ambassador ambassadress duke duchess Rovano lends weight to the argument that this kind of word-formation seems to tell that women are derived from men and attached to the men [3; 72-28]. On this basis it can be inferred the fact that the addition of a feminine suffix to masculine human agent nouns usually does more than simply change the gender reference of the word, it often attaches a meaning of triviality, of lesser status or dependence to the term. It shows that woman is affiliated to man, so it is a kind of linguistic discrimination against women. But with further insight into the meaning of such pairs, Randall mentions that stereotyping in the terms  governor  and governess, and  bachelor  and  spinster, the masculine and feminine forms have vastly differing connotations [8; 129]. Thus, he exemplifies that the suffix-ess not only marks the secondary position of the feminine words but also connotes the relationship between the female and male reference to the pair of words. Let us compare the pair of governor with governess. Governor is a ruler of a country, city and associates with power and high social status as well as honor and dignity; while governess is a woman employed to teach young children in their home. Because of the gender differentiation, these two words have dramatically different meanings, the masculine one of which belongs to high social class, but the feminine one marked with -ess belongs to a lower social class. By making observation of many feminine words, which are formed through derivation by adding the suffix-ess, it must therefore be recognized that -ess is far a suffix marking the female category, it has semantic meanings. Preference for but discrimination against female can be clearly seen in ways of word formation. Another aspect, touched by Trask I his study, concerned with this point is that English sex-paired words (here referring to the pair of words with gender contrast) the masculine one has greater flexibility in word-formation and mainly has a wider distribution of meaning [7; 39]. Take the pair of man and woman for instance (man and woman here are roots in the process of word formation). Manhood has three meanings in the Oxford Dictionary. (1) state of being a man, (2)qualities of a man, eg. courage, manliness,(3) a men of a country, while womanhood only has one meaning concept of state of being woman [12]. By comparison, it is clear that manhood has two more meaning concepts than womanhood. What means by having more meaning concepts? According to Trudgill, words are symbol of physical entities in reality [7; 39]. In this sense, the masculine words with much more meaning concepts reflect that men have more chance in social activities and in turn a more efficient way to express them selves and reinforce the masculine imagery. It comes to a conclusion that masculine words are common and general, while feminine words are mainly formed by attacking suffixes on the basis of the masculine words. b) Compound Words Another common way to build words in English through the combination of lexical categories is compound. Greenberg presented a taxonomy of gender for languages. In addition to languages that are without gender, languages are said to have either semantic (also called natural) gender or grammatical (also called anomalous) gender [4; 13]. Thus, he stated that English itself has no difference of gender. Many professionals such as doctor, engineer, lawyer, professor, judge, and surgeon can be used to indicate both males and females. However, actually due to the long-stereotyped view of the relationship between gender and profession, such word conventionally refers to one gender, either male or female. Since occupational terms in English are often seen as a source of perceived sexism, McMinn et al. (1990) administered a test to check for the use of sexist language among college students [1; 67-68]. In written and oral protocols subjects were asked to respond to the following occupational terms, which had been placed in non-sexual contexts:  business executive, nurse, professor, truck driver, librarian, robber, bank teller [10]. Their study shows that sexual bias in English goes beyond grammatical marking, that is, that simply finding terms unmarked for gender will not disabuse language users of their sexual stereotypes For example: (1)My cousin is an engineer. (2)My cousin is a nurse. Nine out of ten come with the first response that my cousin in sentence (1) is male and in sentence (2) female. Only one of all ten tells with hesitation whether my cousin is female or male. Professions involving power and strength such as president and chairman are more likely to be associated to men, because these satisfactory jobs are traditionally viewed as ones qualified only by males. But when indicating females position, professions, etc, these words are created by adding a bound morpheme or by combining them with a word referring to female, a compound form of combination of a female title such as woman, female, lady or madam and the professional term comes into use, for example, woman lawyer and madam chairman. On the other hand, professions involving patience, service or lower social status are more likely to be associated with woman, for example, nurse, dressmaker and secretary. If on special occasions a male involved, then the compound form of a masculine title male or man and a professional term is used for example, newsman, policeman, businessman, fireman, salesman, fisherman, etc. It makes clear that men monopolize the high status professions. Women can only do service work or low social status work. Take the compound word callboy and call girl for example. The former refers to the waiter in hotel or the person who calls the player ready to stage in theatre; the latter means the prostitute summoned by phone. These words have manifested the discrimination of language towards female from the angle of word matching. Using compound forms to specify professions between men and women is somehow a reflection of the reality that women are exclusive from professions with higher social status and to some extent the form of language usage in turn reinforces such a social phenomenon. 1.3.2 Syntactic Peculiarities of Sexism in English a) Generic Pronouns In English there are a group of nouns of common gender, which refer to either male or female such as student, person, teacher, etc. When such nouns are used with generic reference in single form, the traditional grammar advocates using the masculine pronouns in the context for the purpose of coherence with generic nouns [4; 12-14]. Generic pronouns are pronouns that are said to refer, with equal likelihood, to women and men. But the English language ignores women by allowing masculine terms to be used specifically to refer to males and commonly to refer to human beings in general. The generic pronoun he is perhaps the most well known example of the gender-specific of sexist language, and is frequently referred to be he/man language. The most significant manifestation of the sexism is in the use of generic masculine pronouns he and its variants his, him and himself in such sentences as: (1) If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. (2)  He who laughs last laughs best. (3)  Everyone must do his homework well. (4)  Everyone should learn to solve problems himself. In the above examples, he, his, him and himself are used not sex-specifically, but generically, that is, although the pronouns refer grammatically to the single male citizen, they should be taken to refer to both male and female citizens in general. On the formal occasions, he, him or his can be used to refer to such indefinite pronouns as each, everyone, everybody, no one, someone, anyone and so on. While she, her, herself dont have such usages.  Ã‚  In other words, the masculine pronoun is the representative either female or male reference. Thus, it seems like a linguistic edition of the social inequalities. b) Generic Nouns Another well-known example of generic masculine term is man. Man and woman as two equal components of human race are actually not equal in English lexicon. Man, besides its reference to male human being can also refer to the whole race. The usage in a general sense of man makes woman invisible. For example; (1) All men must die. (2) Man is a social animal. It is easy to see that man, and men can be used generically to refer to both male and female. But woman and women cannot be employed in reference to men. When man appears in discourse, it is commendatory and positive in main circumstances [3; 75-76]. Look at the following idioms: (1) be man enough: brave enough (2) be oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s own man: be able to arrange and decide things independently. However, situation involved woman is quite different: Look at the following examples: (1) Wine, women, and song: drinking, dancing, etc, and enjoying oneself (2) Make an honest woman of somebody: marry somebody having had sexual relationship with her. In the English language, some words referring to female firstly are commendatory words, but afterward slowly have derogatory senses. Survey in the dictionary on the illustrative idioms of man and woman as a quantity observation, derogation of woman is clearly seen. There are totally 33 illustrative idioms for man, of which 15 are with positive meaning, five negative and the rest are neutral with five shared by both man and woman in structure and meaning; While in case of woman, there are only 8 illustrative idioms of which five shared with man in structure and meaning, the rest are all derogatory. From this, one can know that in English using man or men indicates the human race, they treat man as the center of the society, an embodiment of criterion and totally ignore the existence of woman. c) Word order Graddol, D.Swam,J. in their study Gender Voices attest the fact that sexism in language is also reflected in word order. When men and women are presented together, usually words denoting male sex are put in front of female sex. Making females come second reflects the sexist attitude that men are superior to women [6; 71]. 1) Good morning, boys and girls Such a language phenomenon seems to appear so natural as to be widely accepted as a language norm.  In 1553, Wilson insisted that is more natural to place man before woman, as in male and female, husband and wife, father and wife. His point lends weight to the argument that males come first in the natural order, and this is one of the first examples of a male arguing for not only just the superiority of males but that this superiority should be reflected in the structure of language [8; 110-111]. However, Atkinson, K. claims that there are also cases in which male-female order is reversed, for example bride and groom, and ladies and gentlemen. He explains this phenomena by stating that marriage is important to women and the latter is influenced by the notion that men should protect women. Putting ladies before gentlemen doesnt show that women are more superior to men or ladies first, but indicates that in mens mind, women, the same as children, are the weaker ones [4; 167] 1.3.3 Semantic Peculiarities of Sexism in English 1.3.3.1 Semantic derogation of women The study of Cameron, D. in his work Language, Gender, and Sexuality: Current Issues and New Directions is relevant for the reason that he states that language has a tendency to neglect women, treat women as submission and also demean women. The process of words that refer to women acquiring demeaning or sexual connotations has been widely observed, and has been called semantic derogation [10]. 1.3.3.2 Non-parallel semantic developments of paired terms Hudson, R. A claims that words become negative when shifted into the female sphere, while male has remained pure and neutral [1; 34]. For example: King and Queen The first noun is masculine, the other feminine and both mean ruler of an independent state. However, king has preserved its initial meaning, but besides the core meaning of queen, queen is also used as a disparaging term for a gay or sexual man. Master and Mistress Both of them indicate someone who possesses and/or has power over someone or something else. For example: He is my master. usually means He is my boss. or He has more power than me. While She is my mistress. is more likely to be interpreted as meaning She is my illicit lover. Mistress originally refers to a woman in a position of authority, control, and ownership, as the head of a household like a housekeeper, but it implies a woman who has a continuing sexual relationship with a usually married man who is not her husband and from whom she generally receives material support.   1.3.3.3 Semantic collocation and change a) Semantic collocation   Fromkin, V., R.Rodman N.Hyams asserts that in English, a word may have different connotations when it is used to describe different sexes [6; 73-79]. For example: a.  He is imposing. b. She is imposing. Sentence a) means He is impressive and admirable. While sentence b could be interpreted to mean that She is disgusting and apathetic. When the sex changes, so does the meaning. Loose seems a neutral word for both male and female. But a loose woman reminds people of a woman considered being sexually promiscuous whereas a loose man just means a casual man. b) Semantic change Besides, words, which begin with either neutral or positive connotations over time, acquire negative implications and finally end up as sexual slurs. For example, the term hussy derives from Old English huswif (housewife), which means the female head of the house. The term gradually deteriorated to a rustic rude woman and finally comes to mean an indecent, impudent woman or prostitute [3; 78]. Strategies for Avoiding Sexism in English Language Any form of sexist language, whether on purpose or not, will probably stand off or offend some social member or group. Language and language use mirror social attitudes and stereotypes and bias. Along with the womens liberation movement, people began to realize the importance of the language reform and desexism becomes necessary. This evidence raises the question: Should sexist language be changed or avoided? The answer is definitely positive. In her early discussions of sexist language, Renshaw presents an article entitled Twenty-nine ways you can help eliminate sexism i

Campaigns Of Sultan Mehmet Fatih History Essay

Campaigns Of Sultan Mehmet Fatih History Essay The Conqueror Fatih Sultan Mehmet, also known as Mehmet II or The Conqueror, was born in 1432 in Edirne; however, he died in 1481. Garraty, 1986, P: 606 Mehmet II was ascended the throne in his 20th year old. He ruled the Ottoman Empire for a short time, from 1444 to 1446. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) Fatih was the son of earlier Sultan Murad II. Conversely, his mother was Huma Hatun. Sultan Mehmet was a tall man, strong in addition to muscular man. Mehmet II was a political leader as well as a military leader. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) He was further involved in literature, besides cultivated arts along with monumental architecture. Fatih Sultan Mehmet was speaking seven languages effortlessly. He more interested in philosophy in addition to science. Conquering Constantinople: Mehmet II took the nickname conqueror (fatih) following the take-over of Istanbul. As within two years of repossessing the throne in 1451, he put an end to the Byzantine Empire because of conquering Constantinople, (Hitti, 2002, P: 811) by this means merging the Ottoman Empire along with marking the closing stages of the middle Ages as well. (Garraty, 1986, P: 606) Throughout the blockade of Constantinople, Fatih Sultan Mehmets soldiers numbered greater than 100,000, along with around 125 warships were at his discarding. (Hourani, 1991, P: 211) Fatih Sultan Mehmet utilized gunpowder to stimulating outcome all through the blockade. As well as the Sultan squeezed new-fangled technical developments that inclined the scales in his support, together with Orbans cannon, a portion of weaponry greater than 25 feet extended that could blaze cannonballs up into a mile as well that he had specially made commencing a European artist named Orban. (Hitti, 2002, P: 812) On the morning of Tuesday, May 29, 1453, (Hourani, 1991, P: 211) the Ottomans went into Constantinople all the way through breaches in the walls stuck between Edirne and Top Kapi. The last Byzantine emperor; Constantine XI, had unsuccessfully sought after help commencing the European states; nevertheless they were so reluctant to act so. Sultan Mehmet II, the Ottoman principal did not go into the city for three days throughout which his soldiers were allowable to swipe it. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) On the other hand, this unwelcoming peak in the historical development of Constantinople was the commencement of a freshly start for the reason that Mehmet II determined to changed place the capital of his kingdom from Edirne to the occupied city. (The Sultans, 2012)This regulation was destined to give details the sultans maintain to be looked upon as the new-fangled Roman emperor, the rightful descendant of Augustus as well as Constantine along with that reason, he preserved the citys former name. (Pamuk, 2005) Hagia Sophia As A Mosque: On Friday, June 1, 1453, the Turkish Sultan Mehmet Fatih (the Conqueror) entered the defeated also now defeated capital late in the afternoon furthermore rode to Hagia Sophia. He was astonished at its attractiveness. (Basic Istanbul, 2012) Moreover, Mehmet Fatih decided to revolutionize the Cathedral Hagia Sophia into his imperial mosque. For the reason that he alleged that this was observed in Holy Koran that Istanbul ought to be conquered moreover curved to be an Islamic territory. (Basic Istanbul, 2012) Some other people said that he saw a dream ordering him to vary Hagia Sophia into a mosque as a return aptitude for getting the most powerful city at the world at that time. (Hitti, 2002, P: 806) Campaigns of Sultan Mehmet Fatih: The confine of Istanbul was gone after through a long series of campaigns, which resulted in a tremendous growth of personal Ottoman rule. Further, among those districts that cut down to Mehmet II was Serbia, besides Greece, the kingdom of Trezibizond, as well Wallachia, along with Bosnia, also Karaman, Albania in addition to some Venetian and Geneose maritime establishments. (Garraty, 1986, P: 609) Moreover, he reached Belgrade by 1456. His attempts to get Belgrade failed, although his Empire continued to dominate most of Serbia. His ultimate goal was to capture Rome, solidifying Constantinoples position as the New Rome, and to this time he attacked Italy in 1480; (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) Sultan Mehmet Fatih faced with resistance unfortunately, he died prior to he was talented to perceive his dream comprehended. (Pamuk, 2005) Sultan Mehmet Fatih and Arts: Fatih Sultan Mehmets time in power was recognized for its understanding of doctrinal differences and mental vigor; the Sultan was dependable for the building of eight universities. (The Sultans, 2012)He was a keen art collector; as well developed a set interested in the Renaissance; forged cultural ties through the West, also maintained a private library overflowing through texts on medicine, as well geography, besides philosophy, in addition to ancient history. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) Beneath his regulation, the Ottoman Empires domestic in addition to criminal laws were codified into a singular form of law as well. The Sultan is extensively looked upon as an accomplished linguist and is credited with introducing the term politics into the Arabic language. He was accomplished by his son, Byazid II. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) Reforming of Sultan Mehmet Fatih: Fatih Sultan Mehmet handled the burden of establishing the administrative procedures for the expanding empire with a large portion of pragmatism well. This move toward was in reality quite comparable to Fatih Sultan Mehmet practices in further areas. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) Consequently, there emerged within the empire zones through untrustworthy degrees of administrative power. At the core, there were areas most intimately administered through the capital through institutions most intimately resembling those in the capital region. (Pamuk, 2005) through increasing remoteness commencing the capital, the institutions as well as administrative performs revealed the impact balances flanked by the capital in addition to the local structures along with forces. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) Conclusion: Fatih Sultan Mehmet ruled the Ottoman Empire for 30 years moreover joined 25 campaigns himself. (Garraty, 1986, P: 608) He was a real careful political leader and a remarkably courageous soldier. He took the position in front of his armed forces in the wars; moreover, he encouraged his soldiers. The Fatih Sultan Mehmet died on May 3 1481. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) He was buried in Fatih Turbesi, in proximity to the Mosque of Fatih in Istanbul. He had four sons, Mustafa, Bayezid II, Cem, Korkut, and one daughter Gevrehan Sultana. (Hitti, 2002, P: 806)

Coleridge :: essays research papers

The Qualities of Writing I have come to notice through my coursework that writing well is a tool that everyone can benefit from. Good writers will tell of many occasions where their talent has earned them advancement; an advancement that comes not only in the job market but also for personal gratification. Fortunately, writing is a skill that can be both taught and practiced to where virtual perfection is reached. The many facets of writing can seem quite overwhelming to the novice. The two basic principles that stem good writing together are proper voice and thesis development. Nevertheless, Coleridge states, â€Å"If men would only say what they have to say in plain terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Coleridge that people should not write beyond their limits because just being themselves can produce the best source of good writing Voice in a piece of writing can bring rewards like nothing else can. Voice can be termed as the key to getting the reader involved in an essay. Without it, the reader becomes passive and the essay cannot be comprehended. Most essays have the essential material, so the manner in which the material is presented can make a difference. When voice is properly executed, the reader can interact with the writing and make the necessary connections. When properly executed, voice is a logical facet of writing and leads to effective writing. The actual development of the thesis is yet another key to effective writing. The writing must adhere to what must be said. The thesis statement provides a basis for the essay; a basis for the reader. Once this is established, it must be developed throughout the paper. Coleridge is so often described as "explosive," and by all accounts he was at times an unusually dynamic, charismatic and unpredictable person.

Psytrance and the Spirituality of Electronics :: Electronic Music

Psytrance and the Spirituality of Electronics Electronic music is generally broken into techno, house, trance, hardcore, breakbeat, and ambient music, along with affiliated smaller genres that float between categories, like trip-hop, electro, IDM, and others. Ambient is easily recognized by its separation from dancing, which is normally manifested in slower tempos and less distinct rhythms. Breakbeat (of which drum'n'bass makes up most of the faster genres, while there are slower genres as well) is distinguished by an emphasis on ways of dividing a bar of 4/4 time other than the standard one. (Notably, there is a focus on the second half of the third beat, though this comes about in various different beat patterns.) Hardcore (an important subset of which is called â€Å"happy hardcore†) is distinguished by its extremely fast tempos (generally over 160 bpm) in 4/4 time. House is distinguished by its focus on the second and fourth beats of 4/4, though it also shares many stylistic characteristics with disco, funk, and other popular musics, that help distinguish it from trance and techno. Of these, techno is generally not as fast (around 100-120 bpm) and tends to be more minimalistic, while trance is more melodic. House and trance are by far the most popular genres of electronica, though house tends to be more popular in clubs and trance more popular at the parties often known as â€Å"raves†.1 Within trance, psytrance is distinguished by its generally higher tempo (135-145 bpm), more focus on sixteenth notes and exotic scales, and most noticeably, through the use of general sounds other than percussion and pitched sounds. Stylistic traits2 Formal features: Tracks tend to be between 6 and 12 minutes long, with most clustering around 7 or 8 minutes. Most of the tracks begin with about 30 seconds of very atmospheric sounds. These introductions convey some suggestion of the beat (but definitely not the bass drum), but in the tracks I have analyzed here, they are more beat-less than usual, and last much longer than usual, since several are the first tracks of their albums. Sometimes, there is a return to this ambient sound at the end of the track, but it is generally not as long. Between this introduction and conclusion, the body of the track has two halves. The first introduces the major thematic material, while the second rearranges it, sometimes altering the bass. Most of the themes are eventually layered onto one another at the end of each of these halves, creating two climaxes.

Historical Cost Accounting Essay

Historical cost is a traditional method of recording assets and liabilities at their original or nominal value without making adjustments for inflation. It first came in evidence in Jun 1979 in a French project after numerous debates. The historical cost principle states that the asset should include all cost necessary to get the asset in place and ready for use. The principle of historical cost is based upon two fundamental principles: the principle of monetary standardization and principle of prudence. The principle of monetary standardization ignores the fluctuations in monetary values of asset and liability. The principle of prudence accounts only the losses but ignores potential profit. Assets are evaluated based on acquiring cost, stock is evaluated based on net realizable value or lower cost and debt according to nominal value not present value. Under U.S GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) most assets are recorded at historical cost except for certain financial instruments like trading securities, available for sale securities, derivatives. Under IFRS (International financial Reporting Standards) historical cost is acceptable but not required for property plant and equipment but intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, and investment property may be revalued to fair value. But revaluation will have to be applied to all assets of particular class and they have to make sure this done with regularity so that there is not that large difference between carrying value and market value. Even though in historical cost there is no routine adjustments for inflation but for calculating book value calculations like depreciation, amortization, depletion are done. Historical cost reflects the real value of items at the date of their entering the company. Historical cost is truly more sure, reliable and checkable value. For asset it is the amount paid or to be paid and in case of debt it is the value of equivalents obtained in exchange of obligation or the value to be paid in cash or cash equivalents to settle the debt. Historical cost is more accurate and relevant to make economic decisions since affects the evaluation and selection of decision rule. In order to make decisions and decide which decision rule to choose it needs information which is of same quality of past decisions. Even for making forecast past data is needed as a basis for forecasting which facilitates decision making in an organization. For example- for forecasting price for the next year a company needs past prices as a basis. Moreover it concentrates on what has been earned rather than what could have been earn. Current value accounting anticipates profits that may never be realized. If (for example) the current market prices of property or investments are very di fferent from their historical cost, this information can be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. There is no need to adjust the amounts in the statement of financial position or the other primary statements. Accounting data under historical cost is subject to less manipulation because the data obtained came from actual transaction rather than from projected or estimated data. The accountants just record it according to the acquired price. As a result it is reported and measured objectively which helps to minimize manipulation of accounting data. The record of past transaction also helps managers to keep accountability and control since they are accountable to the shareholders. For using as a standard, historical cost can be ascertained easily and economically from past accounting records. The major limitation of historical cost is that there is no consideration of changes in price level. Financial statements prepared under historical cost accounting are composed of past data. Changes in monetary value due to change in general price level is not considered. As a result it fails to provide true and fair value in the financial reports. It also leads to unrealistic value of fixed assets, the most striking example is a property or land. It ignores the market value and considers the acquiring cost. Depreciation is a non-cash expense it aims to create a fund to replace the asset when it becomes obsolete. In historical cost accounting the calculation of depreciation is based on historical cost not on the market value so the fund available at the end of the economic life may not be sufficient for the replacement. Thus it creates insufficient provision for depreciation. It also creates unrealistic profit because the revenues are based on current market price whereas the expenses like depreciation is based on historical cost. As a result it overstate profit. Holding gains on inventories are included in profit. During a period of high inflation the monetary value of inventories held may increase significantly while they are being processed. The conventions of historical cost accounting lead to the unrealized part of this holding gain (known as inventory appreciation) being included in profit for the year. Moreover for companies in the service sector or which invest huge amount of capital in technology reflects poorly the true potential. According to prudence concept it accumulate all losses not profit which hide its real potential. Information based on historical cost gives a invalid trend of the company because the result are not adjusted for changes in prices. Only if the value were adjusted the comparison would have been fair. Historical cost no longer reflect economic reality.

Anabolic Steroids Use And Abuse Health And Social Care Essay

Anabolic steroids are produced by synthesising the male sex endocrine testosterone ( shown supra ) . The right term for these compounds isA an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) – † anabolic † intending muscle-building and â€Å" androgenic † significance increased male sexual features. Anabolic steroids were established in the late thirtiess chiefly to handle hypogonadism ( a status where the testicles do n't do adequate testosterone for growing and development, and sexual operation ) . It was discovered that anabolic steroids could assist the skeletal musculus grow in research lab animate beings. This led the compounds being abused by muscle builders and weightlifters and so by jocks in an effort to heighten their public presentation and/or better their physical appearance.A It has become so widespread in sports that it affects the result of athleticss competitions due to it being prohibited e.g. Lance Armstrong. Illegal steroids are frequently sold at gyms, competitions, and through mail order operations after being smuggled into the state. Most illegal steroids in the United States are smuggled from states that do non necessitate a prescription for the purchase of steroids e.g. . Steroids are besides illicitly took from U.S. pharmaceuticss or synthesized in secret research labs. Other steroids that do n't construct musculus are cortisol, oestrogen, and Lipo-Lutin. They are non anabolic, and hence do non hold the same harmful effects as testosterone.Syringes Doctors prescribe them to assist people with certain sorts of anemia ; steroid endocrine lack i.e. delayed pubescence, and illnesses that consequence in loss of thin musculus mass e.g. malignant neoplastic disease and AIDS. Doctors ne'er suggest anabolic steroids to immature, healthy people to assist them construct musculuss. Therefore without a prescription from a physician, anabolic steroids are illegal. There are many different anabolic-androgenic steroids. Most common 1s taken today: Andro, oxandrin, dianabol, winstrol, deca-durabolin, and balance.What Are the Common Street Names?Juice, gym confect, pumpers, stackers.What are the side effects?Steroid maltreatment can do many unwanted effects and can hold serious, possibly lasting, wellness jobs. In Work force: Baldness, acne Jaundice ( yellowing of tegument or eyes ) Fury, Aggressiveness Heart jobs – unnatural bosom beat ( due to utilize with water pills ) , high blood force per unit area, unstable keeping and/or bosom onslaught, Enlargement of the bosom ‘s left ventricle Development of chest tissue High Cholesterol degrees Permanent liver harm, liver tumors Infertility, increased libido Diabetess Shriveling of the testiss In Womans: Jaundice ( yellowing of tegument or eyes ) Facial hair, acne Heart jobs – unnatural bosom beat ( due to utilize with water pills ) , high blood force per unit area, unstable keeping and/or bosom onslaught, Enlargement of the bosom ‘s left ventricle Effectss on the unborn kid if taken during gestation High Cholesterol degrees Permanent liver harm, liver tumors Problems with periods Enlarged button Diabetess Excessive growing of organic structure hair Male-pattern phalacrosis Voice deepening. Other side effects may include:Musculoskeletal system:Short stature ( if taken by striplings ) Tendon ruptureCardiovascular system:Additions in LDL ; Decreases in HDLLiver:Cancer Purpura hepatisSkin:Oily scalpInfection:HIV/AIDS Hepatitis Most of the side effects usually halt – if drug use Michigans. Associated with many drugs are two effects known as: Tolerance – is a province of opposition to the effects of a drug. These means a individual must take more of the drug to accomplish its original consequence. Withdrawal – is the reaction of the organic structure when regular drug usage has stopped. Therefore people will go on to utilize the drug to forestall these symptoms. Steroid maltreatment can besides hold an consequence on behavior. Many users report experiencing good about them-selves while utilizing anabolic steroids, but research workers report that utmost temper swings besides can happen, including manic-like symptoms taking to force. This is because anabolic steroids act in a portion of the encephalon called the limbic system, which influences temper and is besides involved in larning and memory. Steroids can besides take to feelings of depression. Depression, can be life endangering, frequently is seen when the drugs are stopped and this may explicate why people continue to the them. Researchers besides report that users may endure from paranoia, green-eyed monster, utmost crossness, psychotic beliefs, and impaired judgement stemming from feelings of indomitability. Most informations on the long-run effects of anabolic steroids in worlds come from instance studies instead than proper scientific surveies. From these instance studies, nevertheless, the rate of life endangering effects appears to be low, but serious inauspicious effects may be under-recognized or under-reported, particularly since they may happen many old ages subsequently. Datas from carnal surveies seem to back up this possibility. One survey found that exposing male mice for fifth part of their lifetime to steroid doses comparable to those taken by human jocks caused a high frequence of early deceases.How to diminish side effects of anabolic steroids?The easiest manner to be safe is non to utilize them at all. But if utilizing them one should: Use low doses. Do n't portion acerate leafs or panpipes with other people. Use a clean acerate leaf from an unopened bundle with every injection and do. sure the injection site is unfertile. Avoid utilizing water pills with anabolic steroids. Avoid utilizing other drugs to ‘treat ‘ side effects if they develop. Let your physician know that you are utilizing anabolic steroids and speak about it. Make sure you know precisely what tablets you are taking. If you are non certain what they are, so happen out before you take them. Besides make certain that any tablet you take has non been tampered with. Scientific surveies have shown that anabolic steroids better physical public presentation through the consequence of preparation and diet, which accompanies the usage of the drugs.How Are They Used?Some people who abuse steroids dad pills. Others use subcutaneous acerate leafs to shoot steroids straight into musculuss. Others can be provided in gels or picks that can be applied to the tegument. Doses taken by maltreaters can be 10 to 100 times higher than the doses used for medical conditions.How are anabolic steroids abused?Steroids are abused in forms called â€Å" cycling † . This means taking several doses of steroids over an exact period of clip, followed by a period of remainder ( no drug usage ) , so get downing once more. Users frequently combine legion different types of steroids. This is a procedure called â€Å" stacking. † Abusers typically â€Å" stack † the drugs, intending that they take two or more different anabolic steroids, blending unwritten and/or injectable types. Abusers think that the different steroids interact to bring forth an consequence on musculus size that is greater than the effects of each drug separately. Another manner abusing is known as â€Å" pyramiding. † This is a procedure in which users increase the figure of steroids/the dosage and frequence of one or more steroids used at one clip, making a extremum sum at mid-cycle and so diminishing the dosage toward the terminal of the rhythm. Often, maltreaters pyramid their doses in rhythms of 6 to 12 hebdomads. This is sometimes followed by a 2nd rhythm in which the individual continues to develop but without drugs. Abusers believe that pyramiding allows the organic structure clip to set to the high doses, and the drug-free rhythm allows the organic structure ‘s hormonal system clip to retrieve. No scientific grounds is available for any of the three methods reference above, so the benefits of them are unknown.Why do people mistreat anabolic steroids?There are several grounds why immature people begin utilizing drugs i.e. because of friends/peer force per unit area. Often, immature people believe that decease or other terrible costs of drug usage will non impact them. Adults may hold same grounds as immature people. Equally good as emphasis of life, occupation, and household force per unit areas may take grownups to utilize drugs alleviation and/or assist them loosen up. Peoples besides may utilize drugs for a rush of energy. Others may utilize drugs out of wonder, for a bang, or to arise. Regardless of why drug usage begins, many people continue the utilizing them because they become dependent on the drug. One of the chief grounds for mistreating steroids is to progress athletic public presentation. Harmonizing to studies, merely 6 % of jocks ‘ maltreatment steroids, but subjective information suggests that steroid maltreatment is more widespread. Although proving processs are now in topographic point to discourage steroid maltreatment among professional and Olympic jocks, new interior decorator drugs invariably become available that can get away sensing and set jocks willing to rip off one measure in front of proving attempts. This action to darnel, nevertheless, may be about to switch if the economy of urine and blood samples for retesting at a hereafter day of the month becomes the criterion. The high chance of eventual sensing of the newer interior decorator steroids, one time the engineering becomes available, plus the fright of backdated blessings, should give jocks a better ground non to utilize them. Another ground for taking steroids is to increase musculus size or to cut down organic structure fat. This includes people enduring from the behavioral syndrome called musculus dysmorphia, which causes them to hold a deformed image of their organic structures. Work force with musculus dysmorphia think that they look little and weak, even if they are big and muscular. Similarly, adult females with this status think that they look fat and flabby, even though they are really thin and muscular. Some people who abuse steroids to hike musculus size have experienced physical or sexual maltreatment. In one series of interviews with male weightlifters, 25 % who abused steroids reported memories of childhood physical or sexual maltreatment. Similarly, female weightlifters who had been raped were found to be twice every bit likely to describe usage of anabolic steroids, compared with those who had non been raped. Furthermore, about all of those who had been raped reported that they markedly increased their anaerobic exercise activities after the onslaught. They believed that being bigger and stronger would deter farther onslaughts because work forces would happen them either intimidating or unattractive.Treatment of drug maltreatment:Some physicians use medicine to handle drug dependance. Such medicine alleviations hungering or barricade the consequence of habit-forming drugs. Methadone is normally used as it has similar effects to opiates.Examples of anabolic steroid maltreatment :The United States Anti-Doping Agency ( USADA ) has accused multiple Tour de France title-holder Lance Armstrong of utilizing anabolic steroids, human growing endocrine ( HGH ) , banned corticoids and saline, and plasma injections to dissemble the usage of erythropoietin ( EPO ) . USADA charged him with six offenses covering the usage of prohibited substances, the trafficking of drugs, the disposal of drugs to team-mates and helping and abetting a monolithic cover-up between 1998 and 2005. A sum of 26 informants including 11 fellow riders from the United States Postal Service squad testified to USADA against Armstrong in the doping instance. Sylvester Stallone has used HGH and testosterone to bulk up for his functions in Rocky and Rambo. The Rock has used Testosterone Cypionate 850MG, Tren Enth 500MG, Dianabol 50MG, 600MG Deca, and 60MG Anavar during his WWE calling.Decision:To reason anabolic steroids are utile to handle medicative conditions e.g. low testosterone degrees, but due to the musculus edifice belongingss they are being abused by jocks.